Choosing a Testing Orchestration Tool: A Loyalty-Discount Module Tested Across GitHub Actions, GitLab CI/CD, Jenkins, and CircleCI

Abstract Picking a CI tool is often treated as a branding decision, when it should be an engineering one. This article compares GitHub Actions, GitLab CI/CD, Jenkins, and CircleCI as orchestrators for an automated test suite, using a small but realistic loyalty-discount calculator from a subscriptio